Hypovolemia

Abnormal skin turgor – Positive when >3 sec after 3 sec of pinching subclavicular skin

Orthostatics have not performed well for hypovolemia. A pulse ↑ ≥30/min maay be the most useful but studied in blodd loss.

Passive leg raise Measure CO/PP in semi-recumbant position, then raise legs for 1 min and remeasure

Cardiac Output ↑10% = Sensitivity 85%, Specificity 91%
Pulse Pressure ↑10% = Sensitivity 62%, Specificity 83%

CRT in ANDROMEDA-SHOCK (i.e. as a marker of peripheral perfusion) was performed as follows:

• Apply firm pressure to the ventral surface of the right index finger with a glass microscope slide for 10 seconds.
• Normal skin color was registered with a chronometer, and a refill time >3 seconds was abnormal.